IEEJ – Outlook 2025: Energy, Environment and Economy - How to Address the Uncertainties Surrounding the Energy Transition

The main theme of the report is the forecast of global energy demand and supply until 2050 with a focus on uncertainties related to the energy transition.

Key findings include two scenarios for global energy demand and supply: the Reference Scenario and the Advanced Technologies Scenario. In the Reference Scenario, global primary energy demand is expected to increase by 14% from 2022 to 2050, while in the Advanced Technologies Scenario, demand will peak by 2030 and decrease by 6% below 2022 levels by 2050. The main drivers of demand growth are India and ASEAN countries. Key pathways for CO2 emissions reduction include improving energy efficiency, expanding the use of renewable energy sources, and implementing carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) technologies.