GAO – Technology Assessment: In-Space Servicing, Assembly, and Manufacturing Benefits, Challenges, and Policy Options

Space plays an increasingly important role in the everyday lives of Americans, the economy, and national defense.

The number of active satellites increased from 1,400 in 2015 to over 11,000 in 2025, with an expected launch of 18,000 or more by 2030. ISAM technologies can enhance current satellite capabilities and enable new ones, such as orbital debris removal and space solar power. A national strategy and implementation plan was published in 2022 to guide federal actions in ISAM. The development of ISAM technologies faces challenges related to lack of readiness and lack of users.